Kisspeptin–10 10mg

What is Kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is a peptide hormone composed of short amino acid chains, primarily produced by the hypothalamus in the brain. It plays a pivotal role in regulating human reproduction, aldosterone secretion (critical for water and salt balance), tumor suppression, and kidney function.

Mechanism of Action

Kisspeptin exerts its effects by binding to a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which triggers the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This, in turn, stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sex steroids. These hormones act on the gonads, promoting the production of egg and sperm cells. Kisspeptin’s role in this hormonal cascade increases testosterone levels in males by influencing circulating LH and FSH levels.

Chemical and Biological Significance

Key Functions:

1. Reproductive Health: Integral to fertility and the maturation of reproductive cells.
2. Tumor Suppression: Inhibits cancer progression and cell proliferation.
3. Hormonal Regulation: Plays a role in maintaining a balance of sex steroids and other hormones.
4. Metabolism and Weight: Connects reproductive health with metabolic processes.

Research Insights on Kisspeptin

A. Testosterone Enhancement

Kisspeptin has shown promise in increasing testosterone levels, which support reproductive health, bone density, cognition, and fat distribution:

• Human Studies: Intravenous kisspeptin infusion increased LH, FSH, and testosterone.
• Animal Studies: Kisspeptin administration in male rats significantly elevated testosterone levels.

B. Cardioprotective Effects

Research highlights kisspeptin’s ability to improve heart health by enhancing blood flow, reducing arterial plaque formation, and mitigating heart injury risks.

C. Immune Function Modulation

Kisspeptin contributes to immune health, including antiviral properties and integration of reproductive and immune functions during pregnancy.

D. Weight Management

Studies in mammals show kisspeptin’s role in reducing food intake, combating diet-induced obesity, and improving metabolic function.

E. Skin Health

By modulating stress-related genes, kisspeptin has demonstrated potential in reducing UV-induced skin aging and improving overall skin resilience.

F. Anti-Cancer Properties

Kisspeptin has shown efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, with potential applications in treating urogenital, colorectal, and endometrial cancers.

G. Brain Function

Kisspeptin regulates emotional processing, enhances sexual motivation, and supports cognitive function, making it a promising target for therapies addressing emotional and sexual health.

H. Fertility Support

Research confirms kisspeptin’s importance in treating fertility disorders by regulating GnRH release and supporting ovulation and pregnancy.

Therapeutic Potential

Kisspeptin Supplementation

Kisspeptin supplements are being explored as a solution for reproductive health issues, delayed puberty, and even metabolic disorders. Emerging research suggests potential applications in enhancing sexual behavior, regulating body weight, and improving hormonal balance.

Kisspeptin Injections

Kisspeptin injections are a promising therapeutic avenue for addressing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and infertility. Early studies indicate its efficacy in stimulating ovulation and improving hormonal balance with fewer risks compared to conventional treatments.

Dosage and Administration

Optimal kisspeptin dosing varies based on intended use, ranging from fertility enhancement to metabolic regulation. Clinical trials aim to refine dosage strategies to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.

Beyond Kisspeptin: Neurokinin B

Neurokinin B (NKB), a related neuropeptide, works alongside kisspeptin in reproductive regulation. Both peptides are critical for GnRH release and the maintenance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with potential therapeutic applications in treating reproductive and stress-related disorders.

Applications and Future Directions

Kisspeptin research continues to uncover its broad therapeutic potential, from fertility treatments to cardioprotection, weight management, and anti-aging therapies. With ongoing advancements in understanding its mechanisms, kisspeptin holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches in reproductive medicine and beyond.

References

1. 1. Dhillo, W. S., Chaudhri, O. B., Patterson, M., Thompson, E. L., Murphy, K. G., Badman, M. K., McGowan, B. M., Amber, V., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2005). Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 90(12), 6609–6615. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1468.
   2. George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Roseweir, A. K., Newton, C. L., Faccenda, E., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2011). Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 96(8), E1228–E1236.https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0089.
   3. Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Thompson, E. L., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2006). Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 18(5), 349–354.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01420.x.
   4. Thompson, E. L., Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Smith, K. L., Dhillo, W. S., Todd, J. F., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2004). Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 16(10), 850–858.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x.
   5. George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Tena-Sempere, M., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2013). Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. Clinical endocrinology, 79(1), 100–104.https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12103.
   6. Zhang Y, Hou Y, Wang X, et al. The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0179164. Published 2017 Jul 10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179164.
   7. Sawyer I, Smillie SJ, Bodkin JV, Fernandes E, O’Byrne KT, Brain SD. The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e14671. Published 2011 Feb 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014671.
   8. Maguire JJ, Kirby HR, Mead EJ, Kuc RE, d’Anglemont de Tassigny X, Colledge WH, et al. (2011) Inotropic Action of the Puberty Hormone Kisspeptin in Rat, Mouse and Human: Cardiovascular Distribution and Characteristics of the Kisspeptin Receptor. PLoS ONE 6(11): e27601.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027601.
   9. Available fromhttps://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.005790.
   10. Shojaei, M., Erfanian, S., Sotoodeh Jahromi, A., Yusefi, N., Madani, A., Khoshfetrat, M., & Hojjat-Farsangi, M. (2018). Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(3), 2111-2118.https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i3.424.
   11. Emma J. Mead, Janet J. Maguire, Rhoda E. Kuc, Anthony P. Davenport, Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels, Endocrinology, Volume 148, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 140–147,https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0818.
   12. Huang H, Xiong Q, Wang N, et al. Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity. Sci Adv. 2018;4(8):eaas9784. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aas9784.
   13. Wassie, T., Fanmei, Z., Jiang, X. et al. Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats. Sci Rep 9, 16262 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y.
   14. Gorbunova, O. L., & Shirshev, S. V. (2020). Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 85(8), 839–853.
   15. Wolfe A, Hussain MA. The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:184. Published 2018 Apr 24. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00184.